Response of Aquatic Plants to Extreme Alterations in River Morphology

In this study, we aimed to identify the macrophyte pattern and diversity under exposure substantial hydromorphological degradation in rivers, taking into account water quality factor. The study was based on 190 small medium lowland rivers Poland that had experienced channel alterations. number of taxa identified (153 species) consistent with natural/seminatural average species richness for survey site 16. Nevertheless, nearly 25% sites were poor which ten or fewer noted. most common emergent Phalaris arundinacea; free-floating Lemna minor; heterophyllous Sparganium emersum; filamentous algae Cladophora sp.; some amphibious species, including Agrostis stolonifera. surveyed represented a wide gradient, from low relative abundance highly diverse river less transformed rivers. Our results revealed mostly determined by degradation, as well other distinguished environmental factors, such trophy (e.g., gibba, Bidens tripartita, Ceratophylum demersum) dimensions Nuphar lutea, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Typha latiflolia).